Elementary Psychology
Study Guide—Final Exam; selected items off exams 1 and 2; Ch 11-15
Chapter 11–Emotions, Stress, and Health
Define emotions and describe processes involved
Differentiate between the James-Lange Theory of Emotion, the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion and Schacter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion
Discuss the role of cognitive appraisal in determining emotional responses
Describe the impact of arousal on performance and how it differs for difficult and for easy tasks
How do polygraphs work and how accurate are they?
Describe the impact of both biology and environment (culture) on emotions/emotional expression
Define catharsis and describe the catharsis hypothesis
Describe factors associated with experiencing positive emotions
Define stress
Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome
Discuss the interaction of stress, personality type and health
Define Type A, Type B, and Type C personalities and identify potential health risks associated with each.
Define psychophysiological illness and list some common examples.
Identify some measures that can be taken to promote health
Define Personality
Describe Freud’s theory of personality
Describe free association
Describe the three levels of consciousness (Unconscious, Preconscious, Conscious)
Describe the three personality structures (Id, Ego, Superego)
Discuss Freud’s concept of pscychosexual development and identify the first three stages
Discuss Freud’s concept of the role of the Oedipus complex in development. Do most personality theorists agree with this concept?
Describe the purpose of defense mechanisms and how defense mechanisms work. Be able to define and identify examples of each the following:
Repression
Denial
Regression
Describe the purpose of projective tests and be able to identify common examples of those tests
Define the Humanistic Perspective of personality development
Identify the two main contributors to the Humanistic perspective
Discuss the concept of self-actualization
Discuss Maslow’s concept of the Hierarchy of Needs
What happens when lower order needs are denied? What happens when higher needs are denied?
Identify the three conditions of growth and fulfillment identified by Rogers
Discuss Rogers’ concept of unconditional positive regard and the role that plays in positive personality development
Define the following concepts
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Self-serving bias
Discuss the basic ideas related to Trait Perspective of personality development
Identify the dimensions of personality as conceptualized by the Eysencks
Identify the “Big Five” personality traits
How well does the trait theory hold up to research?
Discuss the Social-Cognitive Perspective of personality development
Discuss the influence of reciprocal determinism on behavior
Define psychological disorder
Historically, what did people believe caused psychological disorders and how were people with psychological disorders treated
Differentiate between the Medical Model and the Bio-psycho-social perspectives for explaining psychological disorders
For each of the following disorders be able to describe the general symptoms, identify specific disorders in each category of disorders, and describe the factors that are believed to contribute to the development of the disorder
§ Anxiety Disorders
o Generalized Anxiety Disorder
o Phobia
o Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
o Panic Disorder
§ Mood Disorders
o Major Depressive Disorder
o Bipolar Disorder
§ Psychotic Disorders
o Schizophrenia
§ Personality Disorders
o Antisocial Personality Disorder
Describe the field of social psychology
Describe attribution theory and the fundamental attribution error
Define attitudes and explain how attitudes guide our behaviors
Discus how our actions affect our attitudes (e.g. foot in the door phenomenon, role playing).
Discuss cognitive dissonance theory
Define conformity and discuss factors that influence individuals’ extent of conformity
Define obedience and discuss the tendency for individuals to obey an authority figure.
Describe Stanley Milgram’s obedience study
Describe the impact of groups on individual through mechanisms such as social facilitation, social loafing and deindividuation.
Describe the processes of group polarization and group think
Describe the power of individuals of other individuals and over groups
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Minority influence
Describe the process by which prejudice and stereotypes develop
Discuss social inequalities and the ingroup bias
Describe aggression and factors that either trigger or inhibit aggression
Describe the frustration-aggression principle
Discuss the factors that influence attraction between people
Proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity
Contrast passionate love and companionate love
Define altruism
Describe the bystander effect